MORE THAN a year after President Rodrigo R. Duterte signed the Freedom of Information executive order, a practice completely reverse of the policy has been creeping onto some documents requested by the public. The likely tool for the unexpected move: a black marker.

Redactions on items declared by Cabinet officials in their Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN) released by the Malacañang Records Office have recently been noted by media outfits requesting these as material for stories.

More importantly, the redacted details included some of the most crucial ones – and at the very heart of the reason why public officials were required by law to file the integrity document in the first place.

The intense redaction was done on the SALNs of current and former Cabinet members that were filed as of December 31, 2016, or earlier this year for those appointed in their offices more recently. On these redacted SALNs, details regarding real and personal properties, asset values, business interests, and liabilities were blacked out, most probably with a marker.

Mocks FOI EO?

The practice – which can only be described as a deviation from the FOI EO’s push for transparency – is apparently new. Some Cabinet officials had filed SALNs earlier as of June 30, 2016, or upon assumption into office, and these came without any redactions. Neither do pre-2016 SALNs of the same individuals. Their December 2016, as well as of those more recently appointed to their current offices, bore significant redactions, however.

Among the 29 SALNs reviewed by PCIJ, there was a total of 167 redacted details, the entries replaced by long, black, and blotchy rectangles. Twenty-eight of the SALNs had the acquisition costs or amounts of personal properties blacked out while in 24 the exact locations of real properties were redacted; 23 SALNs had blacked-out acquisition costs of real properties as well.

A Tally of Redactions Made on the December 2016/Early 2017 SALNs of Cabinet Members
Redacted Details	SALNs Affected
Acquisition Costs/Amounts of Personal Properties	28
Filer's Address	27
Exact Location of Real Properties	24
Acquisition Costs of Real Properties	23
ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse	21
Outstanding Balance of Liabilities	16
Business Address of Business Interests and Financial Connections	10
Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children	7
Spouse's Office Address	4
Description of Real Properties	2
Name of Creditors	2
Amounts in Amount and Sources of Gross Income	1
Amounts in Amount of Personal and Family Expenses	1
Plate Numbers of Personal Properties	1

But redactions on details regarding real properties and business interests of some of the officials took a turn for the ridiculous, with only the cities or provinces left readable out of the addresses. For instance, the redaction done on the details on one of Communications Secretary Martin Andanar’s real estate holdings left only “Mindanao” as its location.

The specific value of each item declared in real properties, personal properties, and liabilities was also redacted in all the 29 SALNs reviewed. Only the total value of the items under each of these categories was left untouched.

To determine which among the 29 officials had the most redactions, PCIJ decided to count the types of details redacted per Cabinet member instead of tallying the actual number of details blacked out. This was to minimize the risk of a skewed count, since the number of items declared by the officials varied widely. In all, the details could be grouped into 14 different categories. (See Table: A Tally of Redactions)

Andanar – an early supporter of the FOI executive order – emerged as having the most types of detail redacted on his SALN: 10, namely Filer’s Address; Spouse’s Office Address; Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children; Description of Real Properties; Exact Location of Real Properties; Acquisition Costs of Real Properties; Acquisition Costs/Amounts of Personal Properties; Outstanding Balance of Liabilities; Business Address of Business Interests and Financial Connections; and ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse.

5 to 9 redactions each

Two of his Cabinet colleagues – Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II and Health Secretary Paulyn Jean Ubial – meanwhile had nine types of detail redacted. These were blacked out in the SALNs of both Aguirre and Ubial: Filer’s Address; ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse; Acquisition Costs of Real Properties; Acquisition Costs/Amounts of Personal Properties; Exact Location of Real Properties; Outstanding Balance of Liabilities; and Spouse’s Office Address.

Redacted in Aguirre’s SALN as well were Business Address of Business Interests and Financial Connections and Description of Real Properties. In Ubial’s these were also blacked out: Name of Creditor and Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children.

Eighteen or 60 percent of the SALNs reviewed each had between five and eight types of detail redacted. Agrarian Reform Secretary Rafael Mariano and Tourism Secretary Wanda Teo meanwhile had the least redactions on their SALNs: two each, the Filer’s Address and Amount of Personal Properties.

Tally: How Many Redactions in Whose SALNs?
Name of Filer	Position	SALN As Of	Number of Redacted Details
Andanar, Jose Ruperto Martin	Secretary, Presidential Communications Operations Office	December 31, 2016	10
Aguirre, Vitaliano II	Secretary, Department of Justice	December 31, 2016	9
Ubial, Paulyn Jean	Secretary, Department of Health	December 31, 2016	9
Piñol, Emmanuel	Secretary, Department of Agriculture	December 31, 2016	8
Villar, Mark	Secretary, Department of Public Works and Highways	December 31, 2016	8
Bello, Silvestre III	Secretary, Department of Labor and Employment	December 31, 2016	7
Cui, Ferdinand Jr.	Undersecretary, Presidential Management Staff	December 31, 2016	7
Cuy, Catalino	Undersecretary, Department of the Interior and Local Government	December 31, 2016	7
Esperon, Hermogenes Jr.	National Security Adviser and Director General, National Security Council	December 31, 2016	7
Monteagudo, Alex Paul	Director General, National Intelligence Coordinating Agency	December 31, 2016	7
Pernia, Ernesto	Secretary, National Economic and Development Authority	December 31, 2016	7
Cusi, Alfonso	Secretary, Department of Energy	December 1, 2016	6
Dela Peña, Fortunato	Secretary, Department of Science and Technology	December 31, 2016	6
Dominguez, Carlos	Secretary, Department of Finance	December 31, 2016	6
Dureza, Jesus	Cabinet Secretary	December 31, 2016	6
Lopez, Regina Paz	Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources	December 31, 2016	6
Lao, Yasmin	Secretary, National Commission on Muslim Filipinos	December 31, 2016	5
Lorenzana, Delfin	Secretary, Department of National Defense	December 31, 2016	5
Maza, Liza	Secretary, National Anti-Poverty Commission	April 17, 2017	5
Salalima, Rodolfo	Secretary, Department of Information and Communications Technology	December 31, 2016	5
Tugade, Arthur	Secretary, Department of Transportation	December 31, 2016	5
Briones, Leonor	Secretary, Department of Education	December 31, 2016	4
Cimatu, Roy	Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources	May 8, 2017	4
Diokno, Benjamin	Secretary, Department of Budget and Management	December 31, 2016	4
Taguiwalo, Judy	Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Development	December 31, 2016	4
Cayetano, Alan Peter	Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs	May 17, 2017	3
Lopez, Ramon	Secretary, Department of Trade and Industry	December 31, 2016	3
Mariano, Rafael	Secretary, Department of Agrarian Reform	December 31, 2016	2
Teo, Wanda Corazon	Secretary, Department of Tourism	December 31, 2016	2
*Note: Some pages of the SALNs of Briones, Cayetano, Cimatu, Lopez (Ramon), Lorenzana, Mariano, and Teo were missing from the copies released by the Malacañang Records Office.

DU30: Address only

Interestingly, the President’s own December 31, 2016 SALN has even less redactions than Mariano and Teo. Released by the Office of the Ombudsman, Duterte’s address is the only portion blacked out by the repository agency.

His four-page SALN declaration also did not shy away from providing details, with the addresses of his real properties complete up to the lot and block number.

Of late, though, the redaction frenzy seems to have calmed down somewhat. The bad news is that it looks like the items to be redacted in released copies of SALNs to the public are now being set and made part of the process.

On September 18, the Malacañang Records Office (MRO) released to PCIJ a fresh batch of SALNs, among which were those of Cabinet members and other high-ranking officials.

The batch included the latest SALNs on file at the repository agency and was made up of a total of 46 SALNs filed by some 45 appointed officials, some of whom are still in office, while a few others have already resigned or have been removed. Department of National Defense Undersecretary Eduardo D. Del Rosario had two of his SALNs in the pile, one as of July 1, 2016 and the other as of Dec. 31, 2016.

Redactions in this batch were kept within a five-item list: Filer’s Address; Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children; Exact Location of Real Properties; ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse; and Signature of Declarant and/or Spouse.

Redactions on SALNs Released to PCIJ by Malacañang Records Office on Sept. 18, 2017
Redacted Details	SALNs Affected
Filer's Address	46
Signature of Declarant and/or Spouse	46
ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse	44
Exact Location of Real Properties	33
Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children	11

All 46 SALNs had redacted Filer’s Address and Signature of Declarant and/or Spouse. Blacking out of the declarant’s and their spouse’s signatures were made on all pages, as some filers signed each page of their SALN.

Seven out of the 46 SALNs have five redacted details, 28 or 60 percent of the total have four redacted details, and 11 have three redacted details.

Tally 2: How Many Redactions in Whose SALNs in the New Batch?
Name of Filer	Position	SALN As Of	Number of Redacted Details
Andanar, Jose Ruperto Martin	Secretary, Presidetial Communications Operations Office	December 31, 2016	5
Bello, Silvestre III	Secretary, Department of Labor and Employment	December 31, 2016	5
Delgra, Martin III	Chairman, Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board	June 30, 2016	5
Esperon, Hermogenes Jr.	National Security Adviser and Director General, National Security Council	December 31, 2016	5
Faeldon, Nicanor	Commissioner, Bureau of Customs	December 31, 2016	5
Jalad, Ricardo	Administrator, Office of Civil Defense	July 1, 2016	5
Maglunsod, Joel	Undersecretary, Department of Labor and Employment	June - December 2016	5
Aguirre, Vitaliano II	Secretary, Department of Justice	December 31, 2016	4
Bautista, Rolando Joselito	Commander, 104th Inf. Bde., 1ID, PA	December 31, 2015	4
Briones, Leonor	Secretary, Department of Education	December 31, 2016	4
Calida, Jose	Solicitor General	December 31, 2016	4
Cayetano, Alan Peter	Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs	May 17, 2017	4
Cimatu, Roy	Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources	May 8, 2017	4
Cusi, Alfonso	Secretary, Department of Energy	December 1, 2016	4
Cuy, Catalino	Undersecretary, Department of the Interior and Local Government	December 31, 2016	4
Del Rosario, Eduardo	Undersecretary, Department of National Defense Undersecretary, Department of National Defense Acting Chairperson, Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation	July 1, 2016	4
		December 31, 2016	4
Domingo, Andrea	Secretary, Department of Finance	June 30, 2016	4
Dominguez, Carlos	Secretary, Department of Finance	December 31, 2016	4
Dulay, Caesar	Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue	June 30, 2016	4
Dureza, Jesus	Cabinet Secretary	December 31, 2016	4
Galvante, Edgar	Assistant Secretary, Land Transportation Office	July 1, 2016	4
Kintanar, Noel Eli	Undersecretary, Department of Transportation	September 15, 2016	4
Laviña, Peter Angelo	None indicated (should be Chief of National Irrigation Administration)	December 31, 2016	4
Lopez, Ramon	Secretary, Department of Trade and Industry	December 31, 2016	4
Lopez, Regina Paz	Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources	December 31, 2016	4
Lorenzana, Delfin	Secretary, Department of National Defense	December 31, 2016	4
Monteagudo, Alex Paul	Director General, National Intelligence Coordinating Agency	December 31, 2016	4
Morente, Jaime	Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration	December 31, 2016	4
Pernia, Ernesto	Secretary, National Economic and Development Authority	December 31, 2016	4
Piñol, Emmanuel	Secretary, Department of Agriculture	December 31, 2016	4
Ramirez, William	Chairman, Philippine Sports Commission	December 31, 2016	4
Sueno, Ismael	Secretary, Department of the Interior and Local Government	June 30, 2016	4
Taguiwalo, Judy	Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Development	December 31, 2016	4
Villar, Mark	Secretary, Department of Public Works and Highways	December 31, 2016	4
Dela Peña, Fortunato	Secretary, Department of Science and Technology	December 31, 2016	3
Dela Rosa, Ronald	Chief, Philippine National Police	December 31, 2016	3
Diokno, Benjamin	Secretary, Department of Budget and Management	December 31, 2016	3
Gierran, Dante	Director 1, National Bureau of Investigation	December 31, 2015	3
Lapeña, Isidro	Director General, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency	July 1, 2016	3
Mariano, Rafael	Secretary, Department of Agrarian Reform	December 31, 2016	3
Maza, Liza	Secretary, National Anti-Poverty Commission	April 17, 2017	3
Salalima, Rodolfo	Secretary, Department of Information and Communications Technology	December 31, 2016	3
Teo, Wanda Corazon	Secretary, Department of Tourism	December 31, 2016	3
Tugade, Arthur	Secretary, Department of Transportation	December 31, 2016	3
Ubial, Paulyn Jean	Secretary, Department of Health	December 31, 2016	3

GOCC appointees, too

The five-detail redaction checklist also applied to SALNs of Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations that were released on Sept. 18 as well. A total of 65 SALNs of Duterte GOCC appointees had blacked-out Filer’s Address, Name, Date of Birth, and Age of Unmarried Minor Children; Exact Location of Real Properties; ID No. of Filer and/or Spouse; and Signature of Declarant and/or Spouse.

And yet SALNs of Duterte-appointed GOCC appointees – also recently released by the Civil Service Commission (CSC) -- did not bear any kind of redactions. In fact, each page even had a “Certified True Copy” stamp of CSC’s Communications Management Division.

Aside from the issue of redaction, though, PCIJ observed a few blunders in the filed SALNs of the listed high-ranking appointed officials.

Tugade: wrong SALN form

For one, Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade used outdated SALN forms in his recent filings. For both his June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2016 SALN declarations, Tugade used the SALN form mandated by Civil Service Commission Resolution No. 1100902, promulgated on July 8, 2011.

CSC, however, declared through its Resolution No. 1500088, promulgated on Jan. 23, 2015, that a revised SALN form be used from then on.

The 2015 form, compared to the one used by Tugade, did not have the parts on “Amount and Sources of Gross Income,” “Amount of Personal and Family Expenses,” and “Amount of Income Taxes Paid.”

The older form also cited both the Republic Act No. 3019 or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act and Republic Act No. 6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees on its header. The newer form, meanwhile, only cited the latter.

Former Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) chief Isidro Lapeña, for his part, attached annexes dated December 31, 2015 to his July 1, 2016 SALN. All the pages of the SALN and the annexes except the page that included the signature of declarant showed a stamp of “Isidro S. Lapeña, PhD, CSEE. Director General.”

Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Jesus Dureza, meanwhile, indicated “Cabinet Secretary, Office of the President of the Philippines” for his position and office instead of his more specific role. Also, it can be confused with the role of Leoncio Evasco, Jr., which is currently the Cabinet Secretary, according to the Office of the President website.

Former National Irrigation Administration (NIA) chief Peter Laviña also failed to indicate his post as of December 31, 2016 when he filed a joint SALN with his wife for the end of 2016. The Laviñas filed their December 2016 SALN on April 26, 2017, or almost two months after Peter Laviña resigned from NIA.

There was also Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi, who erroneously dated his December 2016 SALN as “December 1, 2016” instead of “December 31, 2016.” Cusi started his stint as secretary in July 2016, according to the Department of Energy website. -- With research by Malou Mangahas, Steffi Sanchez, and John Reiner Antiquerra, PCIJ. September 2017