The origin of ‘tansan’ and the Japanese drink that brought the word to Manila

RHIA GRANA

<p>We Pinoys have referred to the bottle caps that seal our carbonated drinks and beers as <em>tansan</em> for as long as we can remember. While it sounds like a very Filipino term —along the lines of <em>pinsan, minsan, buksan, orasan, ubusan, iwasan</em>—it’s also very Japanese. Many of us would probably know that among Japanese folks, <em>san</em> is a title of respect affixed to a name—like Hiroyuki-san, Kurosawa-san, Kondo-san, Osaka-san, or Yoko-san.</p><p>Well, <em>tansan—</em>the word we use to refer to the crown-like caps that cover our Coca-Colas and Pale Pilsens—is actually of Japanese origin, as our good friend, photographer <a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/'>Jar Concengco (@campfiremedia on Instagram), pointed out in a recent Instagram post.</a> Tansan is a popular Japanese brand of carbonated water that dates back to the early 1900s.</p><p>So how did we end up calling the crown cap <em>tansan</em>?</p><p>Uncorking the annals of Wilkinson, makers of Tansan carbonated water, we found out that it was in 1872 when England-born John Clifford Wilkinson traveled to Japan. It was in those years while hunting in the mountains of Takarazuka, Hyogo Prefecture that he discovered a potent source of carbonated mineral spring.</p><blockquote class='instagram-media' data-instgrm-captioned='' data-instgrm-permalink='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' data-instgrm-version='13' style=' background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);'><div style='padding:16px;'><div style=' display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;'><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;'> </div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;'> </div></div></div><div style='padding: 19% 0;'> </div><div style='display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;' target='_blank'><svg height='50px' version='1.1' viewbox='0 0 60 60' width='50px' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'><g fill='none' fill-rule='evenodd' stroke='none' stroke-width='1'><g fill='#000000' transform='translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)'><g><path d='M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631'></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div><div style='padding-top: 8px;'><div style=' color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;' target='_blank'>View this post on Instagram</a></div></div><div style='padding: 12.5% 0;'> </div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;'><div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);'> </div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;'> </div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);'> </div></div><div style='margin-left: 8px;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;'> </div><div style=' width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)'> </div></div><div style='margin-left: auto;'><div style=' width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);'> </div><div style=' width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);'> </div></div></div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;'> </div></div><p style=' color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank'>A post shared by Photography By Jar Concengco (@campfiremedia)</a></p></div></blockquote><p><script async src='//www.instagram.com/embed.js' type='text/javascript'></script></p><p>Wilkinson sent samples of the water to London for analysis, and found out that it was “an excellent mineral spring” that can be enjoyed by the rest of the world. <a href='https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=https://www.asahiinryo.co.jp/wilkinson/sp/history/&prev=search&pto=aue'>And so, the entrepreneurial Englishman decided to bottle it up for commercial consumption.</a> He called the water brand Tansan, which <a href='https://jisho.org/search/tansan'>literally means “carbonated water” in Japanese. </a></p><p>On the other side of the world, in 1892, <a href='https://www.invent.org/inductees/william-painter'>Maryland-born William Painter had already invented the Crown Cork.</a> There were already carbonated beverages at that time, but the stoppers and bottle caps weren’t leak-proof. Painter’s invention solved this.</p><p>The Crown Cork bottle cap had a “corrugated-flange edge and was lined with a thin cork disc and a special paper backing to seal the bottle and prevent contact between the metal cap and the drink,” describes Invent.org, a site maintained by the National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF), an organization that honors the visionaries whose patented inventions have changed our world.</p><p>The Crown Cork bottle cap was a nifty invention and it was cheap to produce. Painter launched the Crown Cork and Seal Company in 1892 to manufacture and market the cap.</p><p>The Tansan carbonated water started using Painter’s metal crown cap in 1902 such that when the drink arrived on Philippine shores in the 1920s, via the Swiss trading firm Lutz & Zuellig, its sole distributor at that time, Tansan already had that cap on it.</p><p><a href='https://banterfromthebatcave.wordpress.com/2015/04/09/tansan-caps-amazing-story/'>In a blog post by Banter from the Bat Cave</a>, he mentioned that historian Ambeth Ocampo wrote in an issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer in August 9, 2013, that “In pre-war Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water…It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been <a href='https://tagalog.pinoydictionary.com/search?q=tansan'>called <em>tansan</em> by Filipinos</a>.” </p><p>But why are we suddenly talking about <em>tansan </em>in the age of plastic caps? It’s because we suddenly want to try Jar’s suggestion—enjoy the Tansan Carbonated Water with “a swig of [The Den Manila’s] cold brew concentrate (a spritz of lemon too if you have).” The coffee specialty store sells Tansan, but last time we checked, it’s already sold out. We hope they refill their stocks soon.</p><p> </p>

<blockquote class='instagram-media' data-instgrm-captioned='' data-instgrm-permalink='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' data-instgrm-version='13' style=' background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);'><div style='padding:16px;'><div style=' display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;'><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;'> </div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;'> </div></div></div><div style='padding: 19% 0;'> </div><div style='display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;' target='_blank'><svg height='50px' version='1.1' viewbox='0 0 60 60' width='50px' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'><g fill='none' fill-rule='evenodd' stroke='none' stroke-width='1'><g fill='#000000' transform='translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)'><g><path d='M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631'></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div><div style='padding-top: 8px;'><div style=' color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;' target='_blank'>View this post on Instagram</a></div></div><div style='padding: 12.5% 0;'> </div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;'><div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);'> </div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;'> </div><div style='background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);'> </div></div><div style='margin-left: 8px;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;'> </div><div style=' width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)'> </div></div><div style='margin-left: auto;'><div style=' width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);'> </div><div style=' width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);'> </div></div></div><div style='display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;'><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;'> </div><div style=' background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;'> </div></div><p style=' color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;'><a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading' style=' color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank'>A post shared by Photography By Jar Concengco (@campfiremedia)</a></p></div></blockquote><p><script async src='//www.instagram.com/embed.js' type='text/javascript'></script></p><p>Wilkinson sent samples of the water to London for analysis, and found out that it was “an excellent mineral spring” that can be enjoyed by the rest of the world. <a href='https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=https://www.asahiinryo.co.jp/wilkinson/sp/history/&prev=search&pto=aue'>And so, the entrepreneurial Englishman decided to bottle it up for commercial consumption.</a> He called the water brand Tansan, which <a href='https://jisho.org/search/tansan'>literally means “carbonated water” in Japanese. </a></p><p>On the other side of the world, in 1892, <a href='https://www.invent.org/inductees/william-painter'>Maryland-born William Painter had already invented the Crown Cork.</a> There were already carbonated beverages at that time, but the stoppers and bottle caps weren’t leak-proof. Painter’s invention solved this.</p><p>The Crown Cork bottle cap had a “corrugated-flange edge and was lined with a thin cork disc and a special paper backing to seal the bottle and prevent contact between the metal cap and the drink,” describes Invent.org, a site maintained by the National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF), an organization that honors the visionaries whose patented inventions have changed our world.</p><p>The Crown Cork bottle cap was a nifty invention and it was cheap to produce. Painter launched the Crown Cork and Seal Company in 1892 to manufacture and market the cap.</p><p>The Tansan carbonated water started using Painter’s metal crown cap in 1902 such that when the drink arrived on Philippine shores in the 1920s, via the Swiss trading firm Lutz & Zuellig, its sole distributor at that time, Tansan already had that cap on it.</p><p><a href='https://banterfromthebatcave.wordpress.com/2015/04/09/tansan-caps-amazing-story/'>In a blog post by Banter from the Bat Cave</a>, he mentioned that historian Ambeth Ocampo wrote in an issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer in August 9, 2013, that “In pre-war Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water…It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been <a href='https://tagalog.pinoydictionary.com/search?q=tansan'>called <em>tansan</em> by Filipinos</a>.” </p><p>But why are we suddenly talking about <em>tansan </em>in the age of plastic caps? It’s because we suddenly want to try Jar’s suggestion—enjoy the Tansan Carbonated Water with “a swig of [The Den Manila’s] cold brew concentrate (a spritz of lemon too if you have).” The coffee specialty store sells Tansan, but last time we checked, it’s already sold out. We hope they refill their stocks soon.</p><p> </p>

<p>So how did we end up calling the crown cap <em>tansan</em>?</p><p>Uncorking the annals of Wilkinson, makers of Tansan carbonated water, we found out that it was in 1872 when England-born John Clifford Wilkinson traveled to Japan. It was in those years while hunting in the mountains of Takarazuka, Hyogo Prefecture that he discovered a potent source of carbonated mineral spring.</p>

<p>We Pinoys have referred to the bottle caps that seal our carbonated drinks and beers as <em>tansan</em> for as long as we can remember. While it sounds like a very Filipino term —along the lines of <em>pinsan, minsan, buksan, orasan, ubusan, iwasan</em>—it’s also very Japanese. Many of us would probably know that among Japanese folks, <em>san</em> is a title of respect affixed to a name—like Hiroyuki-san, Kurosawa-san, Kondo-san, Osaka-san, or Yoko-san.</p><p>Well, <em>tansan—</em>the word we use to refer to the crown-like caps that cover our Coca-Colas and Pale Pilsens—is actually of Japanese origin, as our good friend, photographer <a href='https://www.instagram.com/p/COZqYk_nU5I/'>Jar Concengco (@campfiremedia on Instagram), pointed out in a recent Instagram post.</a> Tansan is a popular Japanese brand of carbonated water that dates back to the early 1900s.</p>

The origin of ‘tansan’ and the Japanese drink that brought the word to Manila | ABS-CBN News

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The origin of ‘tansan’ and the Japanese drink that brought the word to Manila

The origin of ‘tansan’ and the Japanese drink that brought the word to Manila